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Environment and Security

16

Kazakhstan’s provinces of Atyrau to the

northeast and Mangystau to the east of the

Caspian make up 10% of the country’s ter-

ritory and about 5% of its population

6

. With

2–4 inhabitants per sq km, population den-

sity is low. However in the past 30 years the

region’s population has increased by about

35%

7

. The provincial capitals of Aktau and

Atyrau accommodate nearly half the total

population in each province. Kazakhs con-

stitute the ethnic majority (80–90%) in both

cases. Russians, Tatars and other nationali-

ties, including foreign labourers and labour

migrants, make up the rest (Agency of the

Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics).

The Balkan province of Turkmenistan occu-

pies 138 500 sq km stretching 1 200 km along

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