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Front Cover
1

Table of Contents
3

Preface
4

Introduction
5

Environment and security in the Ferghana valley
5

About the Environment and Security initiative
6

Understanding links between environment and security
8

Regional context
11

Political and security factors
11

Economic factors
12

Ferghana / Osh / Khujand: Issues and problem spots
14

Population of the Ferghana valley
16

Natural resources: land and biodiversity
18

A vital natural resource: water
21

Industrial activities and hazardous waste
29

Cross-cutting issues
34

Conclusions and outlook
38

The Ferghana valley environment and prospects for confl ict
38

The road ahead for ENVSEC
41

Notes
45

References and sources
48

List of abbreviations
53

Back Cover
56