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Smallpox - disease elimination/eradication
Disease – viral exanthem
Major (“avg” 30% CFR) and minor disease (<1% CFR)
Disease prevention
Childhood vaccination – variable rates; +/-variolation
Global Smallpox Eradication program - 1958
Intensification of Smallpox eradication program 1967
•
Surveillance -> contact tracing, vaccination of contacts (and contacts)
•
Isolation of cases, observation of contacts
•
Lyophilized vaccine, semi-standardized vaccine production
o
Vaccinia virus
o
“Take”~ protection
No non-human animal reservoir
Elimination in all countries by 1977
Commission to Certify Smallpox eradication activities
•
Certified as eradicated in 1979
WHA : Declaration of smallpox eradication 1980
* Smallpox and its Eradication WHO 1988
History-
Variola virus
elimination and
eradication
Consolidation of laboratory-held virus materials*
1975 survey by WHO, post lab exposure in 1973 (LSTMH)
•
74 labs report
Variola virus
materials
1976 voluntary consolidation
•
1978 – Birmingham, England smallpox “lab”: 1 death, illness
1979 – WHO Committee of Experts recommends to preserve
Variola virus
stocks in a few collaborating center (CC) labs, review in
1982:->19 recommendations by the Global Commission
•
1979 – 7 labs report
Variola virus
stocks
•
1981 – 4 CC labs with
Variola virus
•
Periodic inspections for safe and secure use virus
1984 – consolidation of stocks to 2 WHO Collaborating Centers –
BSL-4 facilities (WHA 33.4)
* Smallpox and its Eradication 1988