Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e - page 1214

1199
I n d e x
Note: Page numbers followed by the letter f refer to figures; those followed by the letter t refer to tables; those followed by the letter b refer to
boxes, and those followed by the letter c refer to charts.
A1C, 806
A band, 24f, 25
Abdominal aortic aneurysm,
417f–418f, 418
Abscess, 60
Absence seizures, 946
Absolute refractory periods,
388–389, 389f, 826
Absorption, 687–688, 688f,
689–692
of carbohydrates, 690, 691f,
691t
disorders of, 717–719, 718t
of fats, 691–692, 692f
of protein, 691
Acanthamoeba keratitis, 959–960
Acceptable macronutrient distri-
bution range (AMDR), 225
Accommodation disorders, 961
ACE inhibitor. See Angiotensin-
converting enzyme inhibitor
Acetylcholine
in autonomic nervous system,
851, 851f
in circulatory control, 400
Achalasia, 697
Acid-base balance
chemistry of, 191
disorders of, 195–202
with CKD, 645f, 646
metabolic, 196–200, 196t,
198t, 200f
primary v. compensatory
pH changes, 196, 196t
respiratory, 196, 196t,
200–202, 201t
single v. mixed, 196–197,
196t
laboratory tests for, 195, 195f
pH regulation, 191f, 193–195
production of, 191–193, 191f
Acid-fast stain, 302
Acidosis, 195–196
metabolic, 197c, 197–199, 198t
respiratory, 200–201, 201t
Acne conglobata, 1161
Acne vulgaris, 1159–1161, 1160f
Acoustic neuromas, 982
Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS), 362. See also
Human immunodeficiency virus
malignancies with, 368–369,
369f
opportunistic infections with,
367–368, 367f
wasting syndrome and meta-
bolic disorders, 369–370
Acral lentiginous melanoma, 1175
Acrocentric, 97, 97f
Acromegaly, 773–774, 774f
ACS. See Acute coronary syndrome
ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
Actin filaments, 8, 24–26, 24f–25f
Actinic keratosis, 1181, 1181f
Action potentials, 17, 19,
825–826, 826f
of cardiac muscles, 387–388,
388f
Active immunity, 340
Acute adrenal crisis, 788
Acute chest syndrome, 284
Acute coronary syndromes
(ACS), 449f
electrocardiographic changes
in, 447, 447f, 449
myocardial infarction, 447f,
450–454, 453f–454f
non-ST elevation myocardial
infarction, 450
serum biomarkers, 449
Acute heart failure syndromes
(AHFS), 495–496
Acute kidney injury (AKI), 508,
639–643
diagnosis and treatment of,
642–643
intrarenal failure, 640c, 640f,
641–642
postrenal failure, 640c, 640f,
641
prerenal failure, 640c,
640–641, 640f
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis.
See Viral croup
Acute lung injury (ALI), 508,
592–594, 593c, 593f
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
(ALL), 251–252
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML),
251–252
Acute-phase proteins, 62–63
Acute-phase response, 53, 62–63
Acute rejection, 352–353
Acute renal failure. See Acute
kidney injury
Acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS), 508, 524,
592–594, 593c, 593f
Acute stage, of infection, 310, 310f
Acute stress disorder (ASD), 216
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN),
640c, 641–642, 641f
Acute vestibular neuronitis, 987
ADA. See Adenine deaminase
Adaptation
cellular, 31–34, 32f, 33 f
factors affecting ability of,
213–215, 213f
to stress, 212–215, 213f
Adaptive hypertrophy, 33, 33f
Adaptive immunity, 318–320,
319f, 331
antigens, 331–332, 332f
cells of, 332–335
innate immunity in stimulat-
ing, 331
Addison disease. See Adrenal
cortical insufficiency
Adenine, in DNA, 88
Adenine deaminase (ADA),
deficiency of, 361–362
Adenocarcinoma, 130, 131t
lungs, 553, 553f
Adenomas, 130, 131t
of pituitary gland, 769
Adenomatous polyps, 719–720,
720f
Adenomyosis, 1032
Adenosine diphosphatase, 263
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP),
8–9, 9f
Adenosine monophosphate
(AMP), 9, 9f
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 6,
8–11, 9f
Adequate intake (AI), 225
ADH. See Alcohol dehydroge-
nase; Antidiuretic hormone
Adhering junctions, 27, 28f
Adhesion factors, 308, 308t
Adipocytokines, 231
Adiponectin, 231
Adipose tissue, 23, 224
obesity and, 231
in type 2 diabetes, 803
Adjuvant analgesics, 868
Adjuvants, 331
Adolescents, hypertension in,
431–432, 432t
ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate
Adrenal cortical insufficiency,
787–788, 787t, 788f
Adrenal gland
disorders of, 786
adrenal cortical insufficiency,
787–788, 787t, 788f
congenital adrenal hyperpla-
sia, 786–787, 786f
glucocorticoid hormone
excess, 788–790, 789f
function of, 783, 784f
pharmacologic suppression
of, 786
tests of, 786
hormones of, 784–786,
784f–785f
androgens, 784f, 785–786
glucocorticoids, 784–785,
785f, 785t
mineralocorticoids, 784
incidental adrenal mass, 790
β-Adrenergic receptor blockers,
for heart failure, 498
Adrenergic receptors, in autonomic
nervous system, 851f, 852
Adrenocortical hormone, disor-
ders of, 427–428
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH), stress response of,
210–211, 799
Adult hemoglobin (HbA), 278
Adult polycystic disease,
619–620, 631f
Adults
growth hormone deficiency
in, 773
growth hormone excess in,
773–774, 774f
Advanced glycation end products
(AGEs), 46, 814
Adventitia, 678
Adynamic osteodystrophy, 647
Aerobes, 302
Aerobic metabolism, 6–7, 9–11
Afferent neurons, 27
Affinity
of hemoglobin, 531
of hormone receptors, 758
AFP. See α -Fetoprotein
Afterload, 392–393, 487
Agammaglobulinemia, X-linked,
359
Age (aging)
adaptation and, 213–214
cellular, 45–46, 46f
menstrual cycle and, 1040–1041
orthostatic hypotension and,
434
skin disorders and, 1177–1181,
1178f–1181f
Agenesis, renal, 618
AGEs. See Advanced glycation
end products
Agranulocytes, 242f, 243f, 244
Agranulocytosis, 246–248, 247c
AHFS. See Acute heart failure
syndromes
AI. See Adequate intake
AIDS. See Acquired immunodefi-
ciency syndrome
Airflow
during breathing, 524–525, 525f
laminar and turbulent, 524–525
Airways
conducting, 513–517,
514f–515f
forced expiration compression
of, 525, 525f
laryngotracheal, 515, 515f
lower, infection of, 560–561
nasopharyngeal, 514–515
obstructive disorders of, 572
bronchial asthma, 572–578,
573f–574f, 576t
bronchiectasis, 582–583, 583f
chronic obstructive pulmo-
nary disease, 578–582,
578f–581f
cystic fibrosis, 583–585, 584f
physiology of, 572
parasympathetic nervous
system and, 520
resistance of, 524–525, 525f
in children and neonates, 556
respiratory, 517–520, 518f
tracheobronchial, 515–517
upper, infection of, 559–560,
559f, 560t
AKI. See Acute kidney injury