1200
Index
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
731
Alarm stage, in GAS, 208
Albinism, 1149
Albumin, 615
Alcohol.
See also
Fetal alcohol
syndrome
cancer and, 142–143
fetal development and, 122–123
liver metabolism of, 738
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH),
738
Alcoholic cirrhosis, 738
Alcoholic hepatitis, 738
Alcohol-induced liver disease,
738, 738
f
Aldosterone, in potassium regula-
tion, 177–178, 180
Aldosterone receptor antagonists,
for heart failure, 498
Algesia, endogenous, 864
ALI.
See
Acute lung injury
Alimentary canal.
See
Gastrointestinal system
Alkaline phosphatase, 731
Alkalosis, 195–196
metabolic, 198
t
, 199–200, 200
f
respiratory, 201–202, 201
t
ALL.
See
Acute lymphocytic
leukemia
Alleles, 98, 107
Allergens, 344–345
Allergic conjunctivitis, 958
Allergic contact dermatitis, 351
Allergic dermatoses, 1161–1164,
1162
f
, 1164
f
Allergic reactions, 344–345
Allergic rhinitis, 347
Allergies, food, 347–348
Allogeneic graft, 353
Allografts, immune recognition
of, 352
Allostasis, 209
Alport syndrome, 626
ALS.
See
Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis
ALT.
See
Alanine
aminotransferase
Alveolar macrophages, 518–519,
519
f
Alveolar pressure, 521, 521
f
Alveolar ventilation, 528, 565–566
Alveoli
oxygen transport, 530, 532
f
structures, 518–519, 518
f
–519
f
Alzheimer disease, 948–950, 949
f
Amblyopia, 973–974
AMDR.
See
Acceptable macronu-
trient distribution range
Amenorrhea, 1039
Amino acids, excitatory, in brain
injury, 918, 918
f
Aminotransferases, 728
AML.
See
Acute myeloid leukemia
Ammonia, urea conversion of,
727–729, 727
t
, 728
f
Ammonia buffers, 195
Amniocentesis, 125
f
, 126
AMP.
See
Adenosine
monophosphate
Amphiarthroses, 1074
Ampulla of Vater.
See
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Amylin, 798
Amyloid precursor protein (APP),
949
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS), 41, 902
Anaerobes, 302
Anaerobic metabolism, 9–10
Anagen follicles, 1147
Analgesic nephritis, 630
Analgesics, 867–868
Anaphylactic shock, 501
c
, 506
Anaphylaxis, 346–347
Anaplasia, 132–133, 132
f
Anaplasmataceae, 303–304
Anatomic dead space, 528
Anatomic reserve, for adaptation,
213
Anatomic shunt, 529
ANCAs.
See
Antineutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies
Anchorage independence, 133
Androgens, 1023
adrenal, 784
f
, 785–786
Andropause, 1014
Anemia, 282, 283
f
, 742
aplastic, 289–290
blood loss, 282–283, 283
f
in cancer, 144–145
of chronic disease, 290
with CKD, 647–648
folic acid-deficiency, 289
hemolytic, 280, 283–287
iron-deficiency, 287–288
megaloblastic, 288–289, 289
f
sickle cell, 283–285, 284
f
–285
f
thalassemias, 286
vitamin B
12
-deficiency, 288–289,
289
f
Anergy, 354
Aneuploidy, 116, 133
Aneurysms, 417–419
aortic, 417–418, 417
f
–418
f
dissecting, 417–419, 417
f
subarachnoid hemorrhage,
937–938, 937
f
ventricular, 454, 455
f
Angelman syndrome, 111–112
Angiitis, 411, 414, 414
t
Angina
stable, 455, 455
f
variant, 456
Angiogenesis, 78–79, 79
f
, 136,
140
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitor, 423
for heart failure, 497–498
Angiotensin I, 423, 423
f
–424
f
Angiotensin II
in circulatory control, 399,
423, 423
f
–424
f
stress response of, 211
Angiotensinogen, 423,
423
f
–424
f
, 755
Angle-closure glaucoma, 968
f
, 969
Angular deformities, of limbs,
1098–1100, 1098
f
–1100
f
Anion gap, 195, 195
f
, 197
c
Ankylosing spondylitis, 1126–
1127, 1126
f
Ankyrin, 277, 278
f
Anopia, 970
Anorexia, 693
in cancer, 145
Anorexia nervosa, 237
ANP.
See
Atrial natriuretic peptide
ANS.
See
Autonomic nervous
system
Anterior cord syndrome, 907, 908
f
Anterolateral pathway, 857, 857
f
Antibacterial agents, 314–315
Antibiotics, 314–315
for cystic fibrosis, 585
Antibodies, 319–320, 319
f
, 332.
See also
Immunoglobulins
Antibody-mediated hypersensitiv-
ity disorders, 348–349, 348
f
Antibody titer, 312
Anticodons, 93
Antidiabetic agents, 807–809,
808
f
–809
f
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 168–
169, 169
f
, 423–424, 423
f
–424
f
disorders of, 170–171
stress response of, 212
in urine concentration,
607–609, 608
f
–609
f
Antifungal agents, 315
Antigenic determinants.
See
Epitopes
Antigenic drift, 542
Antigenic shift, 542
Antigen-presenting cells, 320, 332
Antigens, 319, 331–332, 332
f
superantigens, 357
Antihormone therapy, for cancer,
151
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic anti-
bodies (ANCAs), 411
Antioxidants, 40–41
Antiphospholipid syndrome,
268–269
Antipyretic drugs, 65, 67
α
1
-Antitrypsin, in emphysema,
579–580
Antiviral agents, 315
for influenza, 544
Aorta, coarctation of, 428, 476
f
,
479–480
Aortic aneurysm, 417–418,
417
f
–418
f
Aortic balloon pump, for cardio-
genic shock, 505, 505
f
Aortic dissection, 417–419, 417
f
Aortic valve, 385–386, 386
f
,
463–464
regurgitation of, 461
f
, 464
stenosis of, 461
f
, 463–464
Apex, of lung, 514
Aphasia, from stroke, 936–937
Aplastic anemia, 246–248, 247
c
,
289–290
Apneustic center, 535, 535
f
Apocrine sweat glands, 1146–1147
Apolipoproteins, 404–405, 405
f
Apoptosis, 42–44, 42
f
, 43
f
, 72
f
cancer and, 140
mitochondria in, 7
neoplasms and, 130
Apotransferrin, 279, 279
f
APP.
See
Amyloid precursor protein
Appendicitis, 712–713
Appendicular skeleton, 1063,
1064
f
Appetite, 227–228, 227
f
Aquaporin-2 channel, 607, 609,
609
f
Aquaporins, 15, 160, 170
Arachidonic acid metabolites, in
inflammation, 57–58, 58
f
Arachnodactyly, 108, 109
f
Arachnoid mater, 844, 844
f
Arachnoid villi, 844
f
–845
f
, 845
Archilayer, of white matter, 835
f
ARDS.
See
Acute respiratory
distress syndrome
Areflexia, 888
Areola, 1041, 1042
f
Areolar tissue.
See
Loose connec-
tive tissue
Arrhythmias, 389, 495
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular
cardiomyopathy/dysplasia
(ARVC/D), 469
Arterial blood gases, 195
Arterial blood pressure, 422,
422
f
–424
f
disorders of, 420–435, 420
f
Arterial chemoreceptors, 421,
423, 423
f
–424
f
Arterial system, 395, 395
f
disorders of, 404–419.
See also
specific disorder
Arteries, coronary, 444–447,
445
f
, 447
f
–448
f
, 450
Arteriovenous malformations,
939, 939
f
Arteriovenous (AV) shunts, in
heat loss, 64
Arteritis, 411, 414, 414
t
Arthritis, 1119
crystal-induced, 1131–1133,
1132
f
, 1135–1136
juvenile idiopathic, 1133–1134
osteoarthritis, 1128–1131,
1129
f
, 1130
t
, 1135
polyarthritis, 459
psoriatic, 1128
reactive, 1127–1128, 1127
f
rheumatoid, 1119–1123,
1119
f
, 1121
f
, 1122
c
, 1135
Arthropods, 305
Arthus reaction, 350
ARVC/D.
See
Arrhythmogenic
right ventricular
cardiomyopathy/dysplasia
Ascites, 167, 740–741, 741
f
ASD.
See
Acute stress disorder
Aspartate aminotransferase
(AST), 731
Aspiration pneumonia, 515
AST.
See
Aspartate
aminotransferase
Astereognosis, 856–857
Asterixis, 648
Asthma
bronchial, 572–578
cardiac, 494
in children, 577–578
diagnosis and treatment of,
575–577, 576
t
etiology and pathogenesis of,
572–575, 573
f
–574
f
extrinsic, 573–574, 573
f
–574
f
intrinsic, 573
f
–574
f
, 574–575
manifestations of, 575
severe, 577
Astigmatism, 960–961
Astrocytes, 27, 824, 824
f
Astrocytoma, 942
Asymmetric replication, 73
Ataxia, 888
Atelectasis, 571, 571
f
Atherosclerosis, 408, 409
f
