1206
Index
DTR.
See
Deep tendon reflex
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
(DMD), 889–890, 889
f
Ductus venosus, 473
Dural cisterna spinalis, 839
Dura mater, 844, 844
f
DV.
See
Daily value
Dwarfism, psychosocial, 772
Dysarthria, from stroke, 936–937
Dysdiadochokinesia, 888
Dysfunctional bleeding,
1038–1039
Dysmenorrhea, 1039
Dysmetria, 888
Dysphagia, 697
Dysplasia, 32
f
, 34, 618
Dysplastic nevi, 1173, 1174
f
Dyspnea, 495, 537
Dystonia, 888
Dystrophic calcifications, 35, 35
f
Ear
external, 975–976, 975
f
inner, 975
f
, 980–981, 980
f
middle, 976, 975
f
EAR.
See
Estimated Average
Requirement
Ear disorders.
See also
Hearing loss
external, 975–976
inner, 980–981
middle, 976–980
Eating disorders, 236–238
EBV.
See
Epstein-Barr virus
Eccrine sweat glands, 1146–1147
ECF compartment.
See
Extracellular fluid compartment
ECG.
See
Electrocardiography
Eclampsia, 430–431
ECM.
See
Extracellular matrix
Ectoderm, 20, 21
f
Ectopic pacemaker, 389
ED.
See
Erectile dysfunction
Edema, 163–166, 166
f
capillary filtration in, 163, 165
causes of, 163, 163
c
cerebral, 918–919
colloidal osmotic pressure in,
165
with heart failure, 494
with spinal cord injury, 912
EER.
See
Estimated energy
requirement
Efferent neurons, 27
Efferent pathways, in autonomic
nervous system, 848–850,
848
f
, 849
t
Effusion, 167
pericardial, 466–467, 467
f
pleural, 518, 568–569
EIA.
See
Enzyme immunoassay
Eicosanoids, 754–756
Eisenmenger syndrome, 478
Ejaculation, 997–998
Ejection fraction, in cardiac cycle,
392
Ejection period, in cardiac cycle,
390
Elastic recoil, 523
Elastin, 28
Elderly
chronic kidney disease in, 653
fever in, 68
hearing loss in, 983–984
heart failure in, 498–499
hypertension in, 432–433
immune response in, 342
pain in, 876–877
red blood cell changes in,
293–294
rheumatic disorders in,
1135–1136
skin disorders in, 1180–1181,
1181
f
urinary incontinence in, 666
urinary tract infection in, 670
wound healing in, 84
Electrical forces, cellular injury
from, 36–37, 37
f
Electrical synapses, 826
Electrocardiography (ECG),
389–390, 390
f
–391
f
of acute coronary syndromes,
447, 447
f
, 449
Electrolytes, dissociation of, 160
Electronystagmography (ENG),
988
Elementary body, 303, 1056–1057
Elimination
of drugs, 612–613
of hormones, 757
of minerals, 611–612
of organic ions, 612
of urea, 612
of urine, 656–660, 657
f
–659
f
,
660
t
ELISA.
See
Enzyme-linked immu-
nosorbent assay
Embolic stroke, 934
Emphysema, 578–580, 579
f
, 580
f
Empyema, 569
Emulsification, 689, 691
Encephalitis, 941
Endocardial cushion defects,
476
f
, 478
Endocardium, 384
disorders affecting, 457–460,
458
f
Endochondromas, 1095
Endocrine glands, 23, 754, 754
f
Endocrine system, 753–765
diagnostic tests for, 763–765
disorders of, 742, 767–790
hyperfunction, 768
hypofunction, 767–768
primary, secondary, and
tertiary, 768
hormones of.
See
Hormones
Endoderm, 20, 21
f
Endogenous algesia, 864
Endogenous pyrogens, 65
Endolymph, 980
Endometrial cancer, 1032–1033
Endometriosis, 1030–1032, 1031
f
Endometritis, 1029–1030
Endomysium, 24, 24
f
Endoneurium, 824, 892
Endonucleases, in DNA repair, 90
Endosteum, 1066
Endothelial cells, 403, 403
t
in inflammation, 50, 50
f
Endothelial dysfunction, 403
Endothelial relaxing factor.
See
Nitric oxide
Endothelins, 490
Endothelium, 21, 403
blood flow control, 398–399
in coagulation, 263
Endotoxins, 307, 308
t
Energy, storage of, 224
assessment of, 228–229, 229
t
regulation of, 227–228, 227
f
Energy metabolism, 8–11, 9
f
,
223–224
ENG.
See
Electronystagmography
Enteric nervous system, 680, 682,
682
f
Enterocolitis, infectious, 709–711
Enterocytes, 688
f
, 690
Enterohepatic circulation, 729,
729
f
Enteropathic arthritis, 1127
Enterotoxins, 308
Enthesitis, 1126, 1126
f
Entry inhibitors, for HIV infec-
tion, 371
Environment, internal, constancy
of, 206–207, 207
b
Environmental damage, cellular
aging and, 45–46
Environmental influences
on cancer, 141–144
in congenital disorders,
120–123, 122
c
Enzyme cleavage, 689
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA), for
HIV, 370
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA), for HIV, 370
Enzymes
for carbohydrate digestion,
690, 691
t
in infection diagnosis, 312
inherited defects of, 286–287
Eosinophils, 242
f
, 243–244, 243
f
in inflammation, 50
f
, 51
Ependymal cells, 27, 824
f
, 825
Ependymomas, 943
Epicardium, 382, 384
f
Epidermis, 1142–1144,
1142
f
–1143
f
Epididymitis, 1005
Epidural hematomas, 924–925,
925
f
Epigenetic mechanisms, in cancer,
138–139
Epiglottitis, 559
f
, 560, 560
t
Epimysium, 24, 24
f
Epinephrine
in circulatory control, 399
glucose and, 798
Epineurial sheath, 824
Epineurium, 892
Epiphyseal growth plate, 1068
Epiphysis, 1065, 1065
f
,
1105–1106
Epispadias, 1012, 1012
f
Epistasis, 98
Epithelial barriers, in innate
immunity, 325
Epithelial hyperplasia, 1043
Epithelial tissue, 20–23, 20
t
,
21
f
–22
f
glandular, 22–23
renewal of, 23
simple, 21
stratified and pseudostratified,
21–22
transitional, 22
Epithelioid cells, 61–62, 62
f
Epitopes, 332, 332
f
, 357
Eponychium, 1147
f
, 1148
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
cancer and, 143
in infectious mononucleosis,
248
Erectile dysfunction (ED),
998–999, 1014.
See also
Penile
erection, dysfunction
Erosion, 1148
Error theories, of cellular aging,
45–46
Erythema marginatum, 459
Erythema multiforme minor,
1163, 1164
f
Erythroblastosis fetalis, 293
Erythrocytes.
See
Red blood cells
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR), 63
Erythroplasia of Queyrat, 1002
Erythropoiesis, 279–280, 280
f
Erythropoietin, 279
synthesis of, 613
Escherichia coli
O104:H4, 316
Escherichia coli
O157:H7, 301
f
,
308, 711
Esophageal diverticula, 697
Esophageal lacerations, 697
Esophageal motility, 681, 684,
684
f
Esophageal phase, of swallowing,
681, 684, 684
f
Esophageal varices, 741–742, 741
f
Esophagus, 676–677, 676
f
cancer of, 700
disorders of, 696–700, 698
f
.
See also
Gastroesophageal
reflux disease
ESR.
See
Erythrocyte sedimenta-
tion rate
Estimated Average Requirement
(EAR), 225
Estimated energy requirement
(EER), 225, 225
t
Estrogens, 1021–1023, 1022
t
Eumelanin, 1143–1144
Eustachian tube, 976, 975
f
disorders of, 976–977, 977
f
Euvolemic hypotonic hyponatre-
mia, 174
Evaporation, in heat loss, 65
Evasion factors, 308–309, 308
t
Ewing sarcoma, 1095
f
, 1096–1097
Exercise
for diabetes mellitus, 807
for heart failure, 497
Exhaustion stage, in GAS, 208
Exons, 91, 94
f
Exostosis.
See
Osteochondroma
Exotoxins, 307–308, 308
t
Expiration, 522, 522
f
Expressivity, 98
in congenital disorders, 108
Extracellular fluid (ECF) com-
partment, 160, 160
f
, 161
t
body fluid distribution,
162–163, 162
f
Extracellular matrix (ECM),
27–28
cell-matrix interactions with,
77, 77
f
in healing, 79
Extracorporeal shock-wave litho-
tripsy, 635
Extremities
arterial disease of, 415–417
