Мастера архитектуры • Илья Голосов
The book is devoted to I. A. Golosov (1883-1945), one of the greatest soviel archit.ects, who made a major contri bution into establishm ent and development o( modern architecture and had a clearly expressed crea tive credo. I. Golosov's years of lrainiug and his first original works are descri bed. The ma.star's works in tbe spirit of neoclassics in which he a ttempt ed to simplify the forms o( the neoclassica l order are analyzed. I. Golosov's role as the leader of the origi– nal crea tive school within the framewo1·k of symbolic aud ro– mantic searc hes is disclosed. A detailed analysis is made of lhe master 's lheory for con– str uction of architeclural organisms and the closely r elat ed theory of movement iu architecture th at became the basis for the creative schoo l headed by him in the 20s and early 30s. A coustruclivist stage in I. Golosov's ct·oativc work is dis-– cussed when he succeeded in competitions and was regarded oven as one of thi s movement 's leaders. I. Golosov's role in development of socially new types of residenti al and public building s is considered in detail: commu – ne hou se, housin g combin e, House of Soviets, Palace of Labor, etc. The book pr esents an analysis of the architect's departur e from constructivism (the 30s) and his participation in discus – sion on the attitude to the use of the architectural her itage of the past in modern projects. His projects of the mid-30s are as– sessed as post-cons tructivi s t ones - the reconstructed order forms are used in them along with classical compositional techniques. The book tells about the architect's last projects (monu– mouts aud a pan th eon lo those fallen in the Great Patriotic War), about his unfinished book on probl ems of architectural composition. I. Golosov's unfin ished man uscript (the 20s-early 30s) tha t has never been published befor e is given as a supplem ent to the book where a systematized account of his theory of const– ructing architectural organis ms is presented . .
I
MACTEPAPX~TEKTYP~
C. 0. XAH-MArOME.110B
11111bR ro11ocos
MOCKBA CTPO~l-13JlAT 1 9 8 8
YAK 72.0361•7+ 57) 10911 ronocoo
XAH-MArOMEAOB c . o . H/lbll ro11ocos .- M.: CTPOYI– HJAAT, 1988.- 232 C.: H/1.- (MACTEPA APXHTEKTYPbl) . ISBN 5•27'-00196-3 PACCKAJblBAETCll O TBOP4ECTBE 11, A, ro11OCOBA (1883-1945) - OAHOro HJ KPYnHEAWHX COBETCKHX APXHTEKTOPOB, BHECWErO 3HA'IHTE/lbHblY1 BKllAA B CTAHOBll EHHE H PAJBHTHE COBETCKOYI APXHTEK– TYPbl B 20-40-e rOAbl . AHAllH311PYIOTCll TBOP'IECKOE TE'IEHH E «CHMBOllH'IECKHA POMAHTHJM », BO3rllAB– lll!BW EECll H. rollOCOBblM B HA'IA/lE 20-x roAOB , H PA3PA6OTAHHAll HM TEOPl1ll nOCTPO EHHll APXH– TEKTYPHblX OPrAHHJMOB. PACCMATPHBAIOTCll nPO– EKTbl H noCTPOAK11 11, ro11OCOBA - )!(HllblE AOMA , PA6O4H E Kll Y6bl, AOMA COBETOB, nPOMblW/lEHHblE COOPY)!(EHHll H AP, AAETCll AHA/111TH'IECKAll O~ EH–
KA TBOP'I ECKOA KOH~Enl.,IHH MACT EPA. Allll APXHTEKTOPOB H 11CKYCCTBOBEAOB.
H/1. 238
nE4ATA ETCll no PEWEHHIO CEK~HH llHT EPATYPbl no rPAAOCTPOHTE/lbCTBY H APXHTEKTYPE PEAAK~HOH – HOrO COBETA CTPOY1'13AATA,
P E ~EH 3 EH T: AOKTOP APXHTEKTYPbl A. 8. HKOH– HHKOB
4902010000-•14
X
0•71011-88 197-88
ISBN S-27••00196·3 @ c,poiiHSjl8T, 1988
BBE.l].EHvlE
H. A. fonocoaa,
nep110,q
1920-1930-x
ro,qoa,
K0r,qa 11a116onee llpKo
npo,ia11nc,i
ranaHT
B C0B8TCK011 apx11TeKType,
6b1n cn0>KHblM
11 npoT11aope'IHBblM
pa3Bl1Tl18 K0T0po11 conp0B0>K–
,qan0Cb 6opb6011
pa3nl1'1HblX
TB0p'18CK11X T8'18HH11, Ocrpb18
AHCKYCCl1H aenHCb
B 06nacr11
XYA0>1<8CTB8HHblX npo6neM.
8 HCKYCCTBe, B TOM 'IHCne H B apxHTeKType,
B nepen0MHble
Jn0XH (a HM8HH0 TllKHMH
nocnepeeonro1.11101111bre
ro,qbr) rnaBHblMH
xy,qo>KecreeHHblX
npo6neMax
B
11 6b1n11 nepeble
TB0p'18CTBII
CT8H0BllTCll
,qee 311All'IH - n0HCKH H0BblX cpeACTB Bb1p11>1<8HHll 11 n0l1CKH H0Boro
o6pa3il,
Ha 3Tl1X aonpocax
11 6blBIIIOT, KllK npae11no, cocpe,q0T0'18Hbl
yc11n11,i apXHT8KT0p0B–
BKna,q B pewe1111e 3Tl1X npo6neM,
0Kll3blBlllOT
H
H0BaTopoa.
Te, KT0 BH0CHT cyw.ecTB8HHbl11
11a116onbwee
enl1llH118 Ha cpopM11po1a1111e
H0BblX T8'18Hl111 11WK0n.
8 nepBble
nocnepeaont01.11101111bl8
r0,l\bl
11HT8HC118Hble XYA0>K8CTl8HHbl8
n0l1CKl1
B 3Ha–
e coeercK011
'IHT8nbH011 crene1111 onpe,qen,in11
TBop-.ecKyro
arMoccpepy
apx11TeKrype . npo6ne–
Ma 1108011 cpopMbl
311Hl1Mllna
8 Te ro,qbl npaKTH'l8CKl1
ecex apx11T8KT0po1
- 11 CT0p0HHl1K08
8 nep110,q, Kor,qa Hit CM8HY crapblM
1108011 11pX11T8KTYPbl, 11 rpa,q11411011an11cro1.
XYA0>K8CT–
B8HH0 - K0Mn0311l.1110HHblM
Cl1CT8MllM
11 apX11T8KTYPHblM
cpopMllM
np11xo,q11n11 H0Bble,
Bblpa-
6e3 11HTeHCl1BHblX TB0p'18CKl1X no11c–
6oTKII npocpecc11011anbHblX
npHeM0B
6brna H8B03M0>KHa
(a TOM <111cne 11 m 16oparopHblX)
K0B , cpopMilnbH0-3CT8Tl1'18CKHX
3KCnepHM8HT0B
11 Teoper11-
'1eCKHX Al1CKYCCl111,
ena–
O,q11011 113 Bil>t
apx11T8KT0poa
B nepB bl8 r0Abl CoeeTCK011
CTH K xy,qo>KeCT88HHblM
no11cKaM
6b1no
yc11ne1111e 11A80n0rl1'18CK011
pon11 apX11T8KTYPbl,
crpeMne1111e 6onee
IIKTl1BH0 11cnonb301l1Tb
ee o6pa3Hbl8
803M0>KH0CTl1
I cno>KHbl11 nepH0A
4>opM11poea1111,i 11oeoro o6w.ecraa. CTOpOHH11KH H0BIIT0pCKl1X
Te'l8Hl111
n0Hl1Mlln11,
'IT0 6e3
oena,qeH Hll H0B011 cpopM011
Henb3ll
6brno
p8Wl1Tb
HH
1111 11,qe11110-xy,qo>1
HblX 311,1\11'1, OTKll3 OT CT11n113a41111 H 3KneKT 11Kl1, ecreCTB8HH0 , np11aen
K norepe
KynbTYPbl
TP
a H0Bllll
cpopMa
H C00TBeTCTBYIOW.118 811 K0Mn03H–
l.lH0HHbl8
np11eMbl ew.e T0nbKO C03AllBllnHCb.
3ro
o6'bllCHll8T
H no11ene1111e B Te r0Abl npH–
B npocpecc11011anbH0M
0TH0W8Hl111 npoeKT0B
11 coopy>1
nporpec–
MHTHBHblX
CHBH0e co1.111anbH08 Hll3Hll'l8HH8
H H0Bbl8 11,qe11110-xy,qo>1
311,1\11'111 He M0rnH
npo-
6HTbCll CKB03b cpopManbH0-K0Mn03Hl.1110HHYIO
6ecnOMOU,\HOCTb
apxHT8KTOpa.
8 e,q1111011 1.1en11 apx11T8KTYPHblX
cpe,qcTB
H npHeM0B
(cpyHKl.lHOHllnbHO-KOHCTPYKTHBHllll
OCH0 8 a 3AclHHll,
apx11TeKTYPH0-K0Mn03Hl.1110HHbl8
cpe,qcrea,
xy,q0>K8 CT88HHbll1
o6pa3)
Hil11-
0TCTaea1111e B pa3pa60TKe
KOTO–
6 onee cn1t6b1M 388H0M
0Kil3ilnacb
apX11T8KTYPHilll
cpopMII,
poi:; c,qep>1<11aano p113BHTHe ecero
apXHT8KTyp11oro
TB0p'18CTBa.
OTHOW8HH8
K apxHT8KTYP–
HOl1 cpopMe
6brno
B rOAbl CTIIH0eneHHll
C0B8TCK011 apXHT8KTYPbl
Bil>l
ecex T8'18Hl111 11 WK0n. np11 3T0M no11CKl1 1108011 apX11T8KTYPHOH
CKoro Kpe,qo npi1KTH'l8CKH
cpe,qCTB 11 np11eM0B 1en11Cb B CIIMblX pa3-
nH'IHblX HanpaeneHHllX:
pill.1110HilnHCTbl
(H. 1111AOBCKl111, B. Kp11HCKH11 11 AP,) rn11e11oe BH11MIIH11e
YAen11n11 npo6neMe
opra111131141111 npocrp1111cre11
11 cpopMbl
c y<1eT0M nc11xonor1111 eocnp1111-
5
(A. BecHHH,
M. f111136ypr)
THJ1 '18noeeKa;
K0HCTPYKTl18HCTbl
811,1\enH rnllBH0e
B n0A'l8pKHBII-
HHH
npoeKTbl c HC0011b308aHHeM
aeCbMa OTIIH'lillOLL\HXCII
Apyr OT Apyra
BHeWHeCTHlleBblX
cj>OpM
( HeOKllaCCHKa,
AHHaMH'leCKHe
cj>OpMbl
CHMBO/lH'leCKOrO
pOMaHTH3Ma,
KOHCTPYKTHBH3M,
yn pow.eHHble
rpaAHI.IHOHHble
cj>OpMbl), HeH3MeHHO A0611aa11c11 ycnexa
B peweHHH
xyAO>+
'ITO B OT/lH'IHe OT MHOrHX
aeHHOrO 06pa3a.
Ka>t
H TO 06cro11TellbCTBO,
H. ro11oco11 He nepe>t
A PYrHX apx11TeKTOpOB
KPH3HCa Ha nepeXOAHblX
CTH–
n eBblX 3Tanax.
H. ro11oco11 A06H11a11c11 60/lbWHX
ycnexoa
B Ha'lane
20-x rOAOB,
Mo>+
1160 HMeHHO Ha 3TH rOAbl naAaeT
nepHOA
H4H6onee
HHTeHCHBHOH pa3pa6oTKH
HM caoero
TBOp'leCKOro
KP8AO,
Ho
3Ha'IHTenbHO , TPYAHee
o6'bllCHHTb,
KaK MOrno
cny'IHTbCII,
'ITO
H. ronocoa,
KOTOpblH He 6b1n cpeAH
Tex, KTO Bb1pa6aTblBan
TBOp'leCKYIO
KOHL1en–
11MeHHO
L1HIO KOHCTpyKTHIIH3Ma,
nepeHAII
Ha n03HI.IHH :noro
T8'18HHII B cepeAHHe
20-x rOAOB, pa6o–
Tall B xapaKTepHblX
Allll KOHCTPYKTHBHJMa
cj>OpMax YAHBHTenbHO
nerKO H cao6oAHO,
nony–
'l all npeMHH 'IYTh nH He Ha Ka>t
KOHKypce
BTOpOH nonOBHHbl 20-x rOAOB
(B KOT0pb1X OH npHHHMan
Y'lilCTHe). H aAO CKaaaTb, 'ITO H. ronocoa
nony'IHn,
no>t
'IHC/10 npeMHH
Ha apxH–
TeKrypHblX
KOHKypcax.
H. ronocoaa,
KOTOpb1e 06ycno11HnH
nOA'IHHeHHYIO
Oco6eHHOCTH
TBOp'18CKOro
KpeAO
pOnb B XYAO>t
ero npOH3BeAeHHH
BHeWHeCTHneBblX
cj>OpM, ecrecraeHHO,
8 3THX oco6eHHOCTIIX
H 6onbwa11
np11r11ra–
o cno>+
r enbHOCTb TBOp'leCTH
3TOro opHrHHanbHOro
MilCTepa,
1160 OHH n03B01111IOT 6onee
rny6oKO
nOHIITb, 'ITO HHAHIIHAyanbHall
KOHL1en1.11111 cj>OpMbl MO>t
C paanH'IHblMH
Cllll34H4
y pOBHIIMH H CTOpOHaMH 061.L\eH npo6neMbl
cj>OpMoo6pa30ll!IHHII.
TaKoe nOHHMaHHe
KOHL1en1.11111cj>OpMbl O'leHb aa>t
HMeHHO
cei:i'lac,
KOrAa Hepaapa60T4HHOCTb
TeopeTH'l8CKHX
H TIIOp'leCKHX
npo6neM
cj>OpM006paao–
BaH HII nOA'laC CAep>t
HHTeHCHBHblX XYAO>t
Bo BTOpOH nonOBHHe
50-x - Ha'lane
60-x rOAOB B XOAe noneMHKH
C T80p'18CKHMH
KOH-
1.1em,1HIIMH , rocnOACTBOBaBWHMH
II nepHOA «yKpawarenbCTBa»,
B Hawei:i TeOpHH apXHT8KTYPbl
(H B apXHT8KTYPHOH
11 4enoM)
ne'l!ITH
nony'IHnH
AOIIO/lbHO WHpOKOe pacnpocrpaHeHHe
YTH–
apeMII npaKTH'leCKH
npHOCT!I–
m 1TapHCTCKHe B3rnl1Abl.
3ro np1111eno K TOMY, 'ITO Ha K!IK08-TO
HOB"1nacb cepbe3Hall
pa6ora
no H3Y'l8HHIO
XYAO>t
JaKOHOMepHOCTeH
apxHTeK–
B
ry pb l. CranH
no11en11TbCII p!1311H'IHble ynpOLL\eHHble
reopHH,
KOTOpblX
npoaoarnawanOCb
'I YTb nH He nonHoe
nOA'IHHeHHe
XYAO>t
CTOpOH apxHTeKrypbl
KOHCTPYKTHBHOH OCHOBe coopy>t
yraep>t
'ITO !1pXHT8KTYPHblH
o6pa3
II co11pe–
M eHHOH apxHT8KType
C03A!leTCII
H!I 6a3e H8KHX ccnpallAHBblX»
apXHTeKrypHblX
cj>OpM, !IBTO–
MaT 1-1'leCKH BblpaCT!IIOLL\HX H3
OCHOllbl coopy>t
TaKHMH
« npaBAHBblMH»
cj>opMaMH 6bll1H 06'b1111neHbl, HanpHMep,
cj>opMbl , npHMeHllBWH8Cll
II COlleT–
CKOH apXHTeKType
20-x rOAOB,
CropOHHHKH
3TOH YTHllHTapHCTCKOH
KOH1.1en41111, CYAII no IICeMy, He YBHAenH, 'ITO nepe–
CTpOHKa T80p'18CKOH
H!lnpaaneHHOCTH
(nocne
cepeAHHbl
50-x rOAOB) 03H4'1ana
He TO/lbKO
y c 11nett1-1e 6opb6b1
3a 3KOHOMH'IHOCTb
H HHAYCTp11an113a41110 CTpOHTenbCTBa,
HO H CYLL\8CT8eH–
HOe H3M8H8HHe
3CT8TH'l8CKHX HA8!1110B,
8 nepBblH
nepHOA OCBOeHHII coaeTCKHMH
apxHTeKTOpaMH
HOBblX A/111 HHX KOMn03H4HOH-
rOAOB) HH–
HblX np1-1eMOB H apXHTeKTYPHblX
cj>opM (aropa11
nonOBHH!I
50-x - H!l'lano
60-x
TeHCi-1BHbl e cj>OpManbH0-3CTeTH'l8CKHe
nOHCKH 11peMeHHO OTOWnH Ha 3aAHHH nnaH, 'ITO 6bll10
en onHe o6'bllCHHM6
H, IIHAHMO, ecTeCTBeHHO.
0AH!IKO
CTOpOHHHKH yr11n11rapHCTCKHX
11arn11-
A OB npoaoarnac11n11
3TO epeMeHHOe
ocna6neHHe
BHHMaHHII K npo6neMaM
cj>opM006paao11a-
HMll 3aKO HOMepHOH,
cne411cj>H'l8CKOH
'lepTOH
HOBOro 3Tana. 0HH He YBHAenH MHOrHx
B!l>t<-
HblX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH
p!13BHTHll HOBOH apxHT8KTypbl,
'ITO o6'beKTHIHO
34Aep>+
cj>OpMH–
7
KOH1.1en411i:i. B peaynbTaTe
poaa111-1e HOBblX TBOp'leCKHX
I HaWeH
apx11re1
OK43411HCb
8 3Ha'IHTenbHOH
creneHH
yrpa<1eHHblMH
HaBblKH Ci!MOCTOllTenbHOH
pa3pa60TKH
npo6neMbl
HOBOH apXHT8KTypHOH
q>opMbl. nony<1HnO
pacnpOCTpaHeHHe
MH8HHe (OHO Hawno
OTpa>KeHHe
8 HOBOH apXHTeKType
H Ha CTpi!HH4i!X
apXHT8KTYPHOH
ne'laTH),
'ITO WHpOKO HCnOnb3YeMbl8
q>opMbl
nHWb «npaBA HBO» OTpa>KatoT
coapeMeHHYIO
q>yHK4HOHanbHO-KOHCTPYKTHBHYIO
oc–
a, TaK CK43aTb, C4MH
HOBy 3Ai!HHll,
T, e. 'ITO OHH He C03AaHbl
apXHTeKTOpOM - XYAO>KHHKOM,
« Bblpo cnH» Ha 6a3e
HOBOH CTpOHTenbHOH
TeXHHKH, 003TOMY
MHOrHe
C'IHTi!n H (H C'IHTi!toT)
anonHe
ecreCT88HHblM
34HMCT8084Tb
q>opMbl
Anll
CBOHX coopy>KeHHH
y pa3nH'IHblX
no–
crpoeK
«HOBOH apxHleKTYPbl>>
(npe>KAe
acero
H3 3apy6e>KHblX
06pa34oa).
B HOBblX apXHTeK–
TYPHblX q>opMax
'14CTO He BHAJIT TBOp'leCKOro
Ha'lana
(oHH OTO>KAeCTBnlltoTCll
C Heo6xOAH–
MblMH q>yHKL\HOHanbHblMH
H KOHCTPYKTHBHblMH
3neMeHTi!MH),
a aaropCKHH
BKnilA apXHTeK–
TOpa npH3Hi!eTCJI
nHWb
8 o6nacTH
XYAO>KeCTBeHHOrO
o6pua.
OAHaKO
C8ll3YIOLLIHM 388HOM M8>KAY . q>yHKL\ HOHanbHO-KOHCTPYKTHBHOH
0CH080H
coopy–
>KeHHll H ero XYAO>KeCT88HHblM
o6pa30M
llBnlleTCll
He npocTO
4BTOM4TH'l8CKH
nony'laeMall
T8Op'18CKall KOHL\801,\HJI apXHT8KTJPHOl'i ca,opMw . Ha
«npaBAHUlll»
q>opMa,
a onpeAeneHHall
6a3e OAHOH H TOH >Ke q>yHKL\HOHanbHO-KOHCTPYKTHBHOH
OCHOBbl MO>KeT 803HH KHYTb (H 803-
HHKaeT) MHO>KeCTBO pa3nH'IHblX
CHCTeM apXHT8KTYPHblX
q>opM. 3THM
8 3H4'1HTenbHOH
CTe–
neHH H onpeAenlleTCJI
OpHrHHanbHOCTb
H caMOCTOllTenbHOCTb
pa3nH'IHblX
Te'leHHH
H WKOn
coapeMeH HOH apXHTeKTypbt.
6e3 pa3pa60TaHHOH
caoeo6pa3HOH
KOH4en4HH
q>opMbt n106oe
opHrHH!I0bHH'laHH8
8 aonpocax
q>opMoo6pa3084HHll
OCTaeTCll CTHOH3il4H8H,
Ti!K Ki!K nOA06-
Hble «nOHCKH» 88AYTCJI Ha OCHOBe q>OpM, C03A4HHblX
APYrHMH,
All e1.1.1e K TOMy >Ke '14CTO
3K08KTH 'l8 CKH 3aHMCTBOBaHHblX
H3 pa3nH'IHblX
XYAO>K8CTBeHHO-KOMn03H4HOHHblX
CHCTeM.
B COBeTCKOH apXHTeKType
B 20-e r OAbl
aenHCb HHTeHCHBHble q>opManbH0-3CTeTH'leCKHe
noHCKH: apXHT8KTOpb t C03AaaanH
XYAO>KeCT88HHbl8
o6pa3bl
Ha OCH088 OpHrHHanbHblX
T80p–
K. MenbHHKOB,
11. JleOHHAOB,
11.
'18CKHX KOH4en4HH - A. BeCHHH,
H. JlaAOBCKHH,
Jl. JlHCH4KHH H AP· CpeAH
C03AaTeneH
opHrHHanbHOH
KOH4en4HH
q>opMbl
n0'18TH08
M8CTO
H 11. ronocoa,
npH'18M
8 OT0H'IHe OT MHOrHX APYrHx He TOnbKO a ero np oeKTax;
apXHTeKTOpoa
ero
T80p'le–
3aHHMaeT
11. ronocoa
aecb–
CK08 KpeAo
Hawno
oTpa>KeHHe
TeopeTH'l8CKH
Ma nOAp06HO
H o6cTOJIT80bHO
H3nO>KHn CBOIO KOH4en4Hto
q>opMbl.
3THM o6CTOllT80bCT80M
8 3Hi!'IHT8nbHOH
CTeneHH 061>J1CHJl8TCJI H TO 6onbW08
MeCTO, KOTOpoe 0TBeA8HO
B npeAna–
11. ro –
raeMOH
'IHT4T8nto
KHHre paccMOTp8HHIO
T80p8TH'l8CKOH
'14CTH TBOp'leCKOrO
KpeAO
nocoaa.
B H4CT0JII.Llee apeMJI, Ha'IHHall c cepeAHHbl
70-x r0A0B,
KOrAa
B coae TCK0H apXHT8KType
o6ocTpHnHCb
T80p'leCKHe
npo6neMbl,
C8ll34HHbl8
C pa3pa60TKOH
apXHT8KTYPHO-XYA0>Kecr–
B8HH0ro
06pa3a
rop0A0B,
3A4HHH H 4HCaM6neH,
6onbW08
3H!l'leHH8
npH06peTaeT
H4Cn8AH8
C0B8TCKOH apXHTeKTYPbl,
oco6eHHO
Tex ee MllCTepoa,
B TB0p'18CKOH
K0H4en4 HH KOT0pblX
XYA0>KeCTBeHHble
npo6neMb l q>opM006pa3oa a HHJ1 HrpanH
6onbwy10
ponb.
l1nbll
ronocoa
0TH0CHTCJI HM8HH0 K TeM MaCTepaM,
03HaK0MneHHe
C TB0p'leCKHM
0nblT0M
KOTOpblX n0M0-
>K8T coaeTCKHM
apXHTeKT0p!IM
6onee
yrny6neHHO
pa6orarb
Hi!A XYAO>K8CTBeHH0H
q>opMOH,
BHHM4HHe
HM8HH0 K TB0p'lecray
ronocoaa
H4CTOJII.Llee apeMll
061>J1CHJ1eTCJI H T8M, 'IT0
8
OH yMen
8 p a3 nH'IH0H CTHnHCTH'leCKOH rpaKT0BKe
coxpaHHTb
CB0IO TB0p'leCKYIO
K0H4en4Hto
q>opM006pa3oaaHHll,
C03AIIBaTb
Bb1pa3HTenbHbl8
B XYA0>K8CTB8HH0M
OTHOW8HHH
np0H3Be –
A8HHll, no3T0MY
ocaoeHH8
ero TB0p'18CK0ro
HacneAHll
He CBJl311H0 C 311HMCTB0BaHHeM BHew–
H8CTHnHCTH'l8CKHX
q>opM H npHeMOB,
a 3IICTi!BnlleT
coapeMeHH0rO
apxHT8KT0pa
BHA8Tb rny-
6HHHbl8 q>opM006p a3yl0 11.\He OCH0Bbl npoq>eccHoHanH3Ma . npH HllnHCaHHH KHHrH 6blnH HCnonb30BaHbl
MH0r0 'I HCneHHble
paHee
HHK0rAa
He ny6-
0HK0BIIBWH8Cll
MIIT8pHanb l (npOeKTbl,
PYKOOHCH, A0KYM8HTbl
H T. A,), xpaHJII.LIH8Cll
8 l.leHT–
B ApXHT8KTypHOM
Ka6HH8Te
panbH0M
rocyAapcraeHHOM
apxHae
nHTepaTypbl
H HCKYCCTBa,
l.leHrpanbHOro
,D.oMa apXHT8KT0pa,
8 rocyAapCTB8HHOM
HIIY'IH0-HccneA0BaTenbCK0M
Mylee
8
H. ronocoaa
HM, A. B. l..Llyceaa,
a apxHae
apxHTeKTYPbl
H AP,
1. rOAbl Y4E6bl . nEPBblE CAMOCTOHTEnbHblE PA60Tbl
Eufe cryiJenTOM A 'lY6CT606a/l, C1'11,0lmOCTb 1' pUMCl>OU apxure1>r ype u orpuz fare11,1,11,o oniocu11,c>i " Menee crpo – euM apxure,-rypnbiM rjiopMaM. 11.I'OJIOCOB
"111bSI AneKCaHAPOBH4 r 0/lOCOB POAHllCSI 19 HIO/lSI 1883 r. B Moc Kee B ceMb8 CBSILL\eHHHKa.nocne OKOH4aHHSI Ha4a/1bHOH WKO/lbl OTeU, HaMepe– ea11cS1 OTAaTb 1-1. fonocoea Hero cTapwero 6paTa, enocneACTBHH H3BecrHoro coeeTCKOro apXHTeKTOpa n. r onocoea, B AYXOBHOe Y4Hl1HIJ.le. OAHaKO o6a 6para KaTeropH4eCKH eocnpOTHBH/lHCb >1
CryAeH'leCKMH
npoeKT,
1812 roAa,
cppa~MeHT (aapMaHT)
CryAeH4eCKHH npoeKr , 1911. HHrepbep 8 KnacCH4eCK0M CTHne
Oco6H11K 3HMHHa a r. KHp>Ka<1e, 1912. n epcneKTHBa
TaK KaK 4apHBWHl1 B TO apeMSI CTHnb «MOAepH» H APYrHe HCTOpH4eCKHe crnnH He B036Y>KAanH BO MHe HHTepeca 1• nepBble CaMOCTOSITenbHblenpoeKTbl J..1. ronocoaa, BbinOnHeHHble B npeA– peeon104HOHHble rOAbl, OTnH4alOTCSI CTHneBblM pa3Hoo6pa3HeM. no ero npo– eKTaM B 3TOT nepHOA 6b1no nocTpoeHO HeCKOnbKOoco6HSIKOB, cpeAH KOTO– pblX HaH6onbWHl1 HHTepec npeACTaBnSIIOT oco6HSIK 3HMHHa B KHp>Ka4e (1912) H oco6HsiK 3yeea a MocKee (1913) . J..1 fonocoe npoeKTHpyeT TaK>Ke AOXOAHble AOMa, 4epKBH. B 1914 r. a casi3H c Ha4anoM nepeoii MHpoaoii eoi1Hbl J..1. fonocoe 6b1n
1 «ApxHreKrypa
CCCP», 1933, N!!1.- C. 23.
11
H. A. fo11ocos B r0Abl nepsoii MHposoii soiiHbl
\j
Oco6HllK 3yesa s MocKBe. 1913. nepcneKTHBII
12
n. ronOCOBblM ), KOHKypcHbl H npoeKT , 1914. (l)acaA,
A oxOAHblH AOM a MOCKBe (cOBMeCTHO c
nnaH
M0 6H11H30BaH B apMHIO H AO 1917 r. pa6oTa11
B 0611aCTH CTpOHTellbCTBa
pa3 -
11HYHblX coopy>t
A11SI TblllOBblX
YaCTeH. Ero npoeKTbl
AllSI 3THX coopy>t
HHi:i pe3KO
OTllHYalOTCSl
OT Bbln011HSIBWHX CSI HM AO 3TOrO CTYAeHYeCKHX,
3a–
KaJ HblX H KOHKypcHblX TYPH O- AeKopaTHBHblX 0 11110, rpaMOTHYIO PY>KeH HSIX rnaBHOe cpyH KU,HOHallbHYIO
npoeKTOB.
BMeCTO TW,aTellbHOH
npopa60TKH
apXHTeK– KaK npa -
AeTanei:i
cpacaAa , npeACTaensiewero
co6oH,
CTH11H3aU,HIO Ha 3aAaHHYIO
TeMy, B 3THX YTHllHTapHblX
coo–
BHHMaHHe
OH o6paw,aeT
Ha 3KOH OMHYHOCTb,
nerKOCTb
H
13
u,enecoo6pa3HOCTb
KOHCTPYKTHBHblX
311eMeHTOB.
\J ,D.epeellHHall L4epKOBb. npoeKT, 1916. nepcneKrnea, qiacaAbl, nnaH, pa3pe3
Uep KOBb. npoeKT, 1916. cPacaA -
' ' ,
:l y ""
/'/f.
'·
2. OT HEOKJ1ACCv1Kv1 K Cv1MBOJlv1KO-POMAHTv1YECKv1M
nov1CKAM
llepeuie zo81>1O1>r11,6p11,, zo81,i peuiure11,1>11ou pea1>ou nepeo1fe1t1>u ecex 1fe,mocreu, ne Moz11,u ne aaxearurb u ap– xure1>ryp1>£ u ne ei,iaear& y ee pa6or1,u1>oe zop11,ttezo crpe.1Me11u11, uaru enepea, uoru 1>a1.M0:J1C110 61,icrpee. H.I'OJIOCOB
,.
B 1918-1919
rr. 1-1. ro11ocoe,
KaK H MHOrHe Apyr1-1e coeeTCKHe
apx1-1TeK–
TOpb1, eeAeT nOHCKH Hoeoro
XYAO>KeCTBeHHOro
o6pa3a,
opHeHTHPYSICb
Ha H3
HCnOJlb30BaHHe KJlaCCH4eCKoro
B03MO>KHOCTeH
KJlaCCH4eCK0r0
OpAepa . OH OT6HpaeT
HaCJleAHSI Ha1-16011ee «repOH4eCKHe»
cpopMbl,
C03AaeaSI Ha HX
OCH0Be M0HyMeHTaJlbHble
KOMn03HU.HH ,
noHCKaMH 20-x rOAOB
TaKOH HeOKJlaCCH4eCKHH
3Tan nepeA
HoeaT0pCKHMH
nepe>KHJlH MHOrHe coeeTCKHe
apXHTeKTOpbl.
3TOT cpaKT, KOTOpblH He ecerAa
Y4HTblBalOT npH aHaJ1H3e TB0p4eCKHX
noHCKOB B nepeble
noc11epeeoJ110U.HOH–
PSIAa oco6eHHOCTeH
XYAO–
Hb1e rOAbl, 04eHb ea>KeH AllSI noHHMaHHSI u.e11oro >KeCTBeHHblX noHCK0B e coeeTCKOH apXHTeKType
20-x r0AOB,
OT u.apcKOH PoccHH M0JlOA0e
CoeeTCKoe
rocyAapcTeo
no11y41-1110 cno>K–
apx1-1TeKTypb1 . B npeApeeontoU.HOHHb1e
rOAbl e pyc–
Hoe HacneAHe
e 0611acrn
CKOH apxHTeKType
C110>KHJ10Cb TaKoe no110>1
TanaHT–
JlHBble H aBT0pHTeTHble
apxHTeKTOpbl,
nepe>KHB
KpaTKOepeMeHHOe
yene4e–
H pa304apoeaeWHCb
B ero 3CTeTH4eCKHX
npHHU.Hnax,
HCKallH
HHe MOAepHOM
nyTH B03p0>KAeHHSI HCKYCCTBa B TpaAHU.HSIX npownoro . Ec111-1ew,e HeAaBH0 (Ha py6e>+
16
nonb30BaHHIO H0BblX K0HCTPYKU,HH. 8 HX npoeKTax H n0CTpOHKax, peweHHblX, KaK npaBHllO, B AYXe M0AepHa HllH 3KlleKTH'-IHOH CTH11H3aU,HH, CKB03b BHew– HIOIO AeKopaTHBHYIO OAe>KAY
nonHTH4eCK 1917 He KapHKarypbl,
18
>+
AM6ynaTopHblH Kopnyc 6acMaHHOH 6onbHHL\bl s Mo– CKBe. npoeKT, 1918. Cl>acaA, nepcneKTHBa B'be3Aa, nnaHbl
J
opAepHblX
q>OpM Te, KOTOpb1e, KaK eMy npeACTaBJl.SIIIOCb,
6011ee C03BY"IHbl CIIO>KHblX AeKO–
3noxe.
OH HCnOllbayeT
11aKOHH4HblH no q>OpMaM,
IIHWeHHblH
paTHBHblX 311eMeHTOB TOCKaHCKHH opAep,
ew.e 6011ee ynpow.asi
H OAHOBpe–
MeHHO MOHyMeHTal1H3Hpysi
ero AeTallH.
v1. f OIIOCOB WHpOKO npHMeHSleT
T aK, B npoeKTe
WKOllbl-naMSITHHKa
TOC–
KaHCKHH OpAep
(nopTHK,
Teppaca
H ra11epeS1 OCHOBHOro 3AaHHSI; pOTOHAa H
Hapy>t
naMSITHHKa),
KOIIOHHbl KOToporo
IIHWeHbl
Kan1o1Te11e11H
BMeCTO Tpex4aCTHOro
AelleHHSI
co CIIO>KHblMH npoq>H–
co6oi1
eAHHblH
apxHTpae,
aaeepwatoW.HHCSI
KapHH30M
B BHAe npOCTOH no1104KH, KOTopyto
nOAAep>KHBatoT
KOHCOIIH 8 q>opMe
n11oc–
B u,e110M KOMnlleKC
WKOllbl-naMSITHHKa
peweH
KaK
KHX napa1111e11en1o1neAOB.
KllaCCH4eCKHH
aHcaM611b.
3AeCb
eCTb ace - H nopTHKH,
H KOIIOHHbl, H ra11e–
pe1o1, H poTOHAbl.
Ho ace 3TO, OAHaKO, MaKCHMallbHO
ynpow.eHo,
XOTSI xapaK– H Hecyw.1o1x
Tep OpAepa
(nponopU,HH
KOIIOHH, B3aHMOOTHOWeHHe
HeCOMblX
4aCTeH H T. A,) BblAep>KaH
B COOTBeTCTBHH C KllaCCH4eCKHMH
KaHOHaMH.
(KaK 3TO Ae11a11 v1.
ro11ocoe
He peKOHCTpy1o1pyeT
OpAep
20
l•fapa31.1osaii ne'lb . KoHKypcHblH npoeKr, 1919
.. " ~f
·.,
~ -;,
·~-· ..·· ~ .. - \&i :;- - · · ~· .-·· .
' ·
~ '-lo(
. ,
"'
- ... - ~-
..,
... .• ,:;i.'"?<:...·· ·.:· ~ ···;.. ~ .::..
. ~ r;;:/2-.. .. ..
. 3/' • -
·..
'\
,-">.,)
.
WKona -naMJITHHK Jl. H. Ton– croMy a ~cHoif nonJ1He. KoH– KypcHb lH npoeKT, 1919. Cba– caAi. 111nepcneKr11ea c nTH4be– ro nonera, nepcneKrHaa na– MJITHHKa-poroHAbl, nnaH nep – eoro :na>tacaA 0CH0BH0• ro Kop nyca
nonoeHHe 20-x roAoe) , a nHWb ynpow.aer ero, nHwaer ero MH0rHx Aeraneit npH 3T0M OH KaK TOHKHHXYA0>KHHKnpeKpaCHO 4yecreyer rpaHH4Y , 3a K0- 22 ropoii ynpo11.1eHMe opAepa nepepacraer e ero peKOHCTPYKL\MIO. H coxpa-
H.sier ece nponop1.v11-1opAepa, KonoHHbl e ero npoeKre HMetor yroHeHHe H 3HTa3HC,HaA KOnOHHaMHcoxpaHeHa a6aKa, a noA KapHH3OM- KOHCOnH, npHMep ynpoUJ,eHHOro TOCKaHCKOroopAepa B npoeKre naM.s!THHKa-WKO- nb1 Harn.s!AHO noKa3bleaer caM npou,ecc noHCKOB "1. ronocOBblM HCTOKOB q>OpMoo6pa30BaHH.s! B apXHTeKrype. 3TH noHCKH npHeenH ero enocneACTBHH, e HaYane 20-x rOAOB, K CO3AaHHIOreopHH «nocrpoeHH.s! apx1-1reKrypHoro op– raHH3Ma». 1,,1, ronocoe y>Ke e 1918-1919 rr. Haw.ynb1ean nyrn eb1.s1eneHH.s1 e apx1neKrypHOM KOMnO3HU,HHTOM OCHOBbl, KOTOpa.sionpeAen.s1er crpyKrypy CaMOMapxHTeKrypHOM cpopMbl H OT KOTOpOHB pewaiow.ei:1 creneHH 3aBHCl1T XYAO>KecreeHHblM06n1-1Knoi:1 cpopMbl. B AaHHOM cnyyae 3TH 3KcnepHMeHTbl OH npoeoAHn He Ha KpynHoM cpopMe, onpeAen.siiow.ei:1 o6'beMHo-npocrpaH– creeHHYIO KOMnO3HU,HIOH XYAO>KeCTBeHHblM o6nHK ecero coopy>+
noM, a Ha XYAO>t
crpoi:iKe ecei:i KOMn03H4HH, APYrHe Hr~alOT BTOpocreneHHYIO 011b H HX H3- MeH~ 3aMeffi!l'!!!H eoo6w,e O~ OT HHXHe BeAYT K paapyweHHIO OCHOB– HOHcrpyKrypb1 XYAO>KecreeHHoro oopaaa. Ho 3TH Ha611t0AeH1-1si i
' KpeMaTOpHi1 B MocKse. KoH- KypcHblH npoeKT, 1919. Asa eapHilHTa.
'I-'- d !'
..
XPOl-f./C
t-o/"
,,.._ ~ ::.........-
.J ~"l...:: _,r~
_._ ....
26
c npoeKTOM KpeMaTOpHSI H.
Made with FlippingBook - Online magazine maker