Index
1221
Translation, RNA in, 93–94
Translocation, in chromosome,
115, 116
f
Transmembrane proteins, 2, 3
f
Transmigration, 29
in inflammatory response,
55–56
Transmissible neurodegenerative
diseases, 298
Transplantation
heart, 498
of hematopoietic cells, 353
immunopathology of, 352–353
kidney, for CKD, 651
liver
for hepatitis, 735
for liver failure, 744
lung, 592
of pancreas or islet cells, 810
Transport maximum, 605
Transport mechanism, of cell
membrane, 13–16, 13
f
–14
f
Transpulmonary pressure, 525,
525
f
Transtentorial herniation, of
brain, 921
f
–922
f
, 922
Transverse fracture, 1084
f
, 1085
Trauma
brain injury, 923–926, 924
f
corneal, 959
malnutrition in, 235–236
skeletal, 1078–1090,
1080
f
–1085
f
, 1086
f
–1087
f
,
1089
f
, 1089
t
Traumatic pneumothorax, 570
Tremor, 888
Treponema pallidum
, 1059–1061
Trichomonas vaginalis
, 1054
f
,
1055
Trichomoniasis, vaginal, 1054
f
,
1055
Trigeminal neuralgia, 870
Triglycerides, in energy storage,
224, 794
Trigone, 656, 657
f
Triplet repeat mutations,
112–113
Trisomies, 116–117
Trisomy 21.
See
Down syndrome
Trivalent inactivated influenza
vaccine (TIIV), 544
tRNA.
See
Transfer RNA
Tropomyosin, 25
f
, 26
Troponin, 25
f
, 26
Troponin assays, 449
Trousseau sign, 183, 184
f
TTP.
See
Thrombotic thrombocy-
topenic purpura
T tubules, 24
f
, 25
Tuberculosis (TB)
diagnosis of, 550
etiology of, 548, 548
f
with HIV, 367
pathogenesis of, 548–549, 549
f
primary, 549, 549
f
secondary, 549–550,
549
f
–550
f
treatment of, 550–551
Tuberculosis osteomyelitis,
1092–1093
Tubulin, 7, 7
f
Tubulointerstitial disease,
628–630, 629
f
–630
f
.
See also
specific disease
Tumor antigens, 141
Tumor markers, 147–148, 147
t
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 43
Tumor necrosis factor-
α
(TNF-
α
),
59, 59
f
, 61
Tumors
benign
biology of, 131, 131
t
characteristics of, 129–136
cell characteristics of,
132–134, 132
f
cell transformation to, 140, 140
f
growth of, 133–134, 134
f
of kidneys, 636–637
malignant
biology of, 131
t
, 132
characteristics of, 129–136
staging and grading of, 149
terminology of, 130, 133
t
Tumor-suppressor genes,
137–138, 138
f
Tunicae, 394, 394
f
, 402, 403
f
Tunnel vision, 970
Turbulent airflow, 524–525
Turbulent blood flow, 378, 381,
381
f
Turner syndrome, 116, 118–119,
118
f
TV.
See
Tidal volume
Tympanic membrane, 975, 975
f
Type 1A immune-mediated diabe-
tes mellitus, 800
t
, 801–802
Type 1 diabetes mellitus,
800–802, 800
t
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, 800
t
,
802–803, 802
f
Typical pneumonia, 544, 545
f
,
546–547, 546
t
Tyrosinase, 1143
TZDs.
See
Thiazolidinediones
UA.
See
Unstable angina
Ubiquitin, 32
Ubiquitination, 6
Ulceration, 60
Ulcerative colitis, 706
f
, 707
t
,
708–709, 709
f
Ulcers
Curling, 704
Cushing, 704
diabetic foot, 816–817, 817
f
peptic, disease, 703–704, 703
f
pressure, 1171–1172, 1171
f
stress, 704
Ultrasonography
for liver function, 731
for prenatal screening, 124,
125
f
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
cellular injury from, 38
skin damage with, 1167–1168
Umbilical cord blood sampling,
percutaneous, 126
UMNs.
See
Upper motor neurons
Undernutrition.
See
Malnutrition
Uninhibited bladder, 663
Uniparental disomy, 99
Uniporters, 13, 14
f
Unipotent stem cells, 73
Unstable angina (UA), 450
Upper motor neurons (UMNs),
835, 882
disorders of, 902–913
Up-regulation, 758
Uracil, 89
Urea.
See also
Blood urea nitrogen
elimination of, 612
synthesis of, 727–729, 727
t
,
728
f
Urease, kidney stones and, 634
Uremia, 644–645, 645
f
Uremic encephalopathy, 648
Urethral closure pressure, 664
Urethrovesical reflux, 668
Urge incontinence, 664–665
Uric acid, elimination of, 612
Uric acid stones, 633–634, 633
t
Urinary incontinence
diagnosis and treatment of,
665–666
in elderly, 666
overflow, 665
stress, 664
urge, 664–665
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
catheter-induced infection, 668
in children, 669–670
clinical features of, 668
diagnosis and treatment of,
668–669
in elderly, 670
etiologic factors in, 667–668
host–agent interactions,
667–668
obstruction and reflux in, 668
in women, 669
Urinary tract obstruction, 631,
631
f
, 631
t
, 661–662
compensatory and decompen-
satory changes, 661–662,
662
f
renal damage with, 632–633,
632
f
Urine
concentration of, 607
elimination of, control of,
656–660, 657
f
–659
f
, 660
t
formation of, 603–611,
604
f
–609
f
osmolality of, 615
specific gravity of, 615
Urine retention, 661–662
Urine tests, 615, 615
t
, 668
for diabetes mellitus, 806
for endocrine function, 764
Urobilinogen, 729
Urothelium, 657
Urticaria, 1162–1163, 1162
f
Uterine leiomyomas, 1033, 1033
f
Uterus, 1018–1020, 1019
f
adenomyosis, 1032
cancer of, 1032–1033
disorders of, 1029–1035
infectious, 1029–1030, 1030
f
endometriosis, 1030–1032,
1031
f
prolapse, 1034
f
, 1035
support disorders of,
1033–1035
UTI.
See
Urinary tract infection
UV radiation.
See
Ultraviolet
radiation
Vaccines, mercury in, 39
VAD.
See
Ventricular assist
devices
Vagina, 1018, 1019
f
cancer of, 1027
candidiasis, 1054–1055, 1054
f
disorders of, 1026–1027
infections of, 1054–1056,
1054
f
, 1056
f
trichomoniasis, 1054
f
, 1055
Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia,
1027
Vaginitis, 1026–1027
Vaginosis, bacterial, 1055–1056,
1056
f
Valley fever, 551
Valvular heart disease, 460
aortic valve disorders, 461
f
,
463–464
diagnosis and treatment of,
464
hemodynamic derangements,
460–461, 460
f
–461
f
mitral valve disorders,
461–463, 461
f
–462
f
Variant angina, 456
Varicella, 1180, 1180
f
Varicella Zoster keratitis, 959
Varicocele, 1003
f
, 1004
Varicose veins, 436–438, 437
f
Vasa recta, 602, 607–608, 608
f
Vasa vasorum, 402
Vascular birthmarks, 1178
Vascular calcifications, 647
Vascular dementia, 951
Vascular disorders, bleeding with,
273
Vascular lesions, 1181
Vascular stage, of inflammation,
53–54
Vasculitides, 411, 414, 414
t
Vasculitis, 411, 414, 414
t
Vasoactive amines, in inflamma-
tion, 57
Vasoactive medications, 504
Vasoconstriction, hypoxia-
induced, 529
Vasodilation, in inflammation,
53–54
Vasodilator agents, for heart
failure, 498
Vasogenic edema, 918
Vasomotor center, 400
Vasopressin.
See
Antidiuretic
hormone
Vasospastic angina, 456
Vasovagal response, 910
VC.
See
Vital capacity
Veins, varicose, 436–438, 437
f
Velocity, of blood flow, 378, 381
f
Venous insufficiency, chronic,
438–439, 438
f
Venous lakes, 1181
Venous system, 395–396, 396
f
disorders of, 436–440
in lower extremities, 436, 437
f
Ventilation, 521, 521
f
alveolar, 528, 565–566
chest cage and, 521–522, 522
f
disorders of, 200–201
lung compliance, 522–524, 523
f
in neonate, 555–556, 556
f
perfusion matching with, 529,
529
f
, 594
in respiration, 565–566
respiratory pressures and, 521,
521
f
